- https://pinkroutes.org/1 page [+186 in 15 subfolders]
- HOME PAGE – Defence of British Ports
The defence of British Ports around the World between 1850 and 1914 including coaling stations and commercial ports.
- HOME PAGE – Defence of British Ports
- map-plots/1 page
- MAP PLOTS – Defence of British Ports
This map shows all the Map Plots for Port Defence, Pink Routes around the World between 1840 and 1914. www.pinkroutes.com.
- MAP PLOTS – Defence of British Ports
- home_page/ [1 in 1 subfolder]
- site-map/1 page
- Site Map – Defence of British Ports
This is a site map for the web site www.pinkroutes.org.
- Site Map – Defence of British Ports
- members-join/1 page [+25 in 6 subfolders]
- Members/Join – Defence of British Ports
For Members additional research material is available. This includes some copyrwright material which is not for reproduction.
- Members/Join – Defence of British Ports
- south-africa-indian-ocean/1 page [+2 in 2 subfolders]
- South Africa, Indian Ocean – Defence of British Ports
The British had two major commercial harbours in South Africa on the Indian Ocean, Durban and Port Elizabeth.
- South Africa, Indian Ocean – Defence of British Ports
- agloa-bay-port-elizabeth-south-africa/1 page
- Agloa Bay, Port Elizabeth, South Africa – Defence of British Ports
City Hall, Port Elizabeth Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape is situated on Agloa Bay. Port Elizabeth has now been renamed Gquberha. The British settled here in 1820 and it developed as a trading port. The British built Fort Fredrick in 1800, but no coastal defences were built until the end of the 19th Century. Read more
- Agloa Bay, Port Elizabeth, South Africa – Defence of British Ports
- durban/1 page
- Durban – Defence of British Ports
DURBAN Durban In 1686 the first Europeans to settle in Durban were shipwrecked Dutch sailors who were taken in by the Abambo tribe who lived there. These sailors were rescued by the Stavenisse in 1689 and they purchased Durban Bay from the Abambo people. The British arrived in 1822 and by 1824 had reached agreementRead more
- Durban – Defence of British Ports
- mauritius/1 page
- Mauritius (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
By 1888 the harbour at Port Louis, Mauritius had three good graving docks, two slips and had significant coaling facilities.
- Mauritius (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
- ceylon-sri-lanaka/1 page [+2 in 2 subfolders]
- Ceylon – Sri Lanaka – Defence of British Ports
Ceylon, Sri Lanka became a British Crown Colony in 1803. Fixed coastal defences were constructed in Colombo, Trincomalee and Galle.
- Ceylon – Sri Lanaka – Defence of British Ports
- colombo-coaling-station/1 page
- Colombo (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
Colombo was acquired by the British in 1796 from the Dutch and became a significant harbour and First Class Coaling Station.
- Colombo (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
- trincomalie/1 page
- Trincomalee (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
Trincomalee was acquired by the British in 1796 from the Dutch and already had significant fortifications.
- Trincomalee (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
- india/1 page [+6 in 6 subfolders]
- India – Defence of British Ports
India was primarily administered by the East India Company between 1757 and 1857. From 1858 the British Crown took over direct control.
- India – Defence of British Ports
- bombay/1 page
- Bombay – Defence of British Ports
Bombay had an good harbour and was a major railway hub within India. It had the second largest city population within the British Empire.
- Bombay – Defence of British Ports
- calcutta/1 page
- Calcutta – Defence of British Ports
Portsmouth Harbour Ascension Island lies off the West Coast of Africa and remains to this day a strategic military location.Read more
- Calcutta – Defence of British Ports
- karachi/1 page
- Karachi – Defence of British Ports
Portsmouth Harbour Ascension Island lies off the West Coast of Africa and remains to this day a strategic military location.Read more
- Karachi – Defence of British Ports
- madras/1 page
- Madras – Defence of British Ports
Portsmouth Harbour Ascension Island lies off the West Coast of Africa and remains to this day a strategic military location.Read more
- Madras – Defence of British Ports
- rangoon/1 page
- Rangoon – Defence of British Ports
Portsmouth Harbour Ascension Island lies off the West Coast of Africa and remains to this day a strategic military location.Read more
- Rangoon – Defence of British Ports
- india_bl-guns/1 page
- India Breech Loading Guns – Defence of British Ports
In 1900 to 1901 the British War Office and Indian Government made organised plans to upgrade from RML to BL guns for coastal defence.
- India Breech Loading Guns – Defence of British Ports
- east-costline/1 page [+9 in 9 subfolders]
- Australia, East Coastline – Defence of British Ports
The East coast of Australia contains the Coral Sea and Tasman Sea, both part of the Indian Ocean. The principal harbour and dockyard on this coast line is Sydney. However, Newcastle was important for coal, while Townsville also had access to mineral deposits. Thursday Island was a coaling station. During the latter half of theRead more
- Australia, East Coastline – Defence of British Ports
- thursday-island-torres-straights-coaling-station/1 page
- Thursday Island, Torres Straights (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
Portsmouth Harbour Ascension Island lies off the West Coast of Africa and remains to this day a strategic military location.Read more
- Thursday Island, Torres Straights (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
- townsville-cleveland-bay/1 page
- Townsville, Cleveland Bay – Defence of British Ports
Portsmouth Harbour Ascension Island lies off the West Coast of Africa and remains to this day a strategic military location.Read more
- Townsville, Cleveland Bay – Defence of British Ports
- brisbane/1 page
- Brisbane – Defence of British Ports
Portsmouth Harbour Ascension Island lies off the West Coast of Africa and remains to this day a strategic military location.Read more
- Brisbane – Defence of British Ports
- newcastle/1 page
- Newcastle – Defence of British Ports
Portsmouth Harbour Ascension Island lies off the West Coast of Africa and remains to this day a strategic military location.Read more
- Newcastle – Defence of British Ports
- sydney/1 page
- Sydney – Defence of British Ports
Portsmouth Harbour Ascension Island lies off the West Coast of Africa and remains to this day a strategic military location.Read more
- Sydney – Defence of British Ports
- wollongong/1 page
- Wollongong – Defence of British Ports
Portsmouth Harbour Ascension Island lies off the West Coast of Africa and remains to this day a strategic military location.Read more
- Wollongong – Defence of British Ports
- hobart-tasmania/1 page
- Hobart, Tasmania – Defence of British Ports
Portsmouth Harbour Ascension Island lies off the West Coast of Africa and remains to this day a strategic military location.Read more
- Hobart, Tasmania – Defence of British Ports
- launceston-tasmania/1 page
- Launceston, Tasmania – Defence of British Ports
Portsmouth Harbour Ascension Island lies off the West Coast of Africa and remains to this day a strategic military location.Read more
- Launceston, Tasmania – Defence of British Ports
- port-jackson-coaling-station/1 page
- Port Jackson (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
Portsmouth Harbour Ascension Island lies off the West Coast of Africa and remains to this day a strategic military location.Read more
- Port Jackson (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
- singapore-coaling-station/1 page
- Singapore (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
The natural harbour of Keppel was not established as an anchorage until the middle of the 19th Century with the harbour completed in 1886.
- Singapore (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
- research/1 page [+36 in 8 subfolders]
- RESEARCH – Defence of British Ports
Research in details into various aspects of British fixed defences to protect harbours and ports both at home and abroad.
- RESEARCH – Defence of British Ports
- the-british-army/1 page [+2 in 2 subfolders]
- The British Army – Defence of British Ports
A brief overview of the British Army during the Victoria Period. There was considerable overstretch and constant attempts to recruit locals.
- The British Army – Defence of British Ports
- british-army-deployment-1853/1 page
- British Army Deployment 1853 – Defence of British Ports
The British Army was already deployed around the World in 1853, the support increasingly provided by local forces and the Indian Army.
- British Army Deployment 1853 – Defence of British Ports
- boundary-stones/1 page
- Boundary Stones – Defence of British Ports
A brief overview of the British Army during the Victoria Period. There was considerable overstretch and constant attempts to recruit locals.
- Boundary Stones – Defence of British Ports
- british-fortifications/1 page [+1 in 1 subfolder]
- British Fortifications – Defence of British Ports
This is a brief overview of the Evolution of British Fortifications and the main factors causing these changes.
- British Fortifications – Defence of British Ports
- twydall-profile/1 page
- Twydall Profile – Defence of British Ports
The Twydall Profile was adopted by the British after successful trial in 1885, The Profile allowed for cost reductions.
- Twydall Profile – Defence of British Ports
- defended-ports/1 page [+13 in 3 subfolders]
- Defended Ports – Defence of British Ports
The first systematic defence of British ports was carried out by the Romans who built forts at key locations such as Dover and Portsmouth. With the arrival of the Normans in the 11th Century, they further developed many of the old Roman sites and also built new coast defence fortifications. These castle and redoubts wereRead more
- Defended Ports – Defence of British Ports
- home-defended-ports/1 page
- Home Defended Ports – Defence of British Ports
The Home Defended Ports as of 1905. from the Committee on Armaments of Defended Port Abroad recommendations.
- Home Defended Ports – Defence of British Ports
- overseas-defended-ports/1 page
- Overseas Defended Ports – Defence of British Ports
In 1905 a policy on the required armaments for overseas ports was made by the Committee on Armaments of Defended Ports Abroad.
- Overseas Defended Ports – Defence of British Ports
- port-defence/1 page [+10 in 6 subfolders]
- Port Defence – Defence of British Ports
By 1895 a policy on Port Defence had been implemented for ports, harbours and anchorages. This policy applied World wide.
- Port Defence – Defence of British Ports
- general-principles-for-defended-ports/1 page
- General Principles for Defended Ports – Defence of British Ports
In 1893 and paper was prepared outlining the General Principles of Port Defence throughout the British Empire.
- General Principles for Defended Ports – Defence of British Ports
- coastal-defence-batteries/1 page
- Coastal Defence Batteries – Defence of British Ports
Summary of the Evolution of Western Artillery Fortifications. Rough Dates Main Weapons Fortification Generic Term Phase 1 1440 to 1450 Mainly forged iron guns, generally small in calibre. High walls and round towers. Post Medieval Phase 2 1550 to 1850 Cast smoothbore guns & standardisation. Walls now protected by the moat with angular bastions. BastionRead more
- Coastal Defence Batteries – Defence of British Ports
- coastal-forts/1 page
- Coastal Forts – Defence of British Ports
Summary of the Evolution of Western Artillery Fortifications. Rough Dates Main Weapons Fortification Generic Term Phase 1 1440 to 1450 Mainly forged iron guns, generally small in calibre. High walls and round towers. Post Medieval Phase 2 1550 to 1850 Cast smoothbore guns & standardisation. Walls now protected by the moat with angular bastions. BastionRead more
- Coastal Forts – Defence of British Ports
- land-forts/1 page
- Land Forts – Defence of British Ports
The first artillery introduced in coastal defence batteries had a limited range, and they therefore tended to be concentrated on the shore line to maximise their effective range. At this time the artillery was largely mounted in gun towers or blockhouses, which provided all round defence. The range of artillery was so limited that LandRead more
- Land Forts – Defence of British Ports
- defence-electric-lights/1 page [+1 in 1 subfolder]
- Defence Electric Lights – Defence of British Ports
Defence Electric Lights were widely deployed between 1890 and 1914 both on land fronts and to illuminate vessels around ports.
- Defence Electric Lights – Defence of British Ports
- protecting-defence-electric-lights/1 page
- Protecting Defence Electric Lights – Defence of British Ports
Defence Electric Lights were widely deployed between 1890 and 1914 both on land fronts and to illuminate vessels around ports.
- Protecting Defence Electric Lights – Defence of British Ports
- british-submarine-warfare/1 page [+3 in 3 subfolders]
- Submarine Warfare – Defence of British Ports
Submarine Warfare between 1863 and 1907 was the responsibility of the Royal Engineers. This included the supporting search lights.
- Submarine Warfare – Defence of British Ports
- analysis-of-a-submarine-mining-establishment/1 page
- Analysis of a Submarine Mining Establishment – Defence of British Ports
A British Submarine Mining Station of about 1880 had similar features, although their actual layout was influenced by the local topography.
- Analysis of a Submarine Mining Establishment – Defence of British Ports
- gazetteer-of-smes/1 page
- Gazetteer of SMEs – Defence of British Ports
This is a summary list of submarine mine unit from about 1863 and 1907. The Royal Engineers were responsible for these duties.
- Gazetteer of SMEs – Defence of British Ports
- brennan-torpedo/1 page
- Brenann Torpedo – Defence of British Ports
The Brennan Torpedo was developed between 1878 and 1884 and adopted as a port defence weapon to support minefield defences.
- Brenann Torpedo – Defence of British Ports
- coal/1 page [+2 in 1 subfolder]
- Coal – Defence of British Ports
Between 1870 and 1940 the Royal Navy became the largest navy in the World and relied on steam to power the warships.
- Coal – Defence of British Ports
- coaling-stations/1 page [+1 in 1 subfolder]
- Coaling Stations – Defence of British Ports
The British established a number of dedicated Coaling Stations around the World to keep the Royal Navy supplied with quality coal.
- Coaling Stations – Defence of British Ports
- coaling-stations-finance/1 page
- Coaling Stations Finance – Defence of British Ports
In 1878 The Colonial Defence Committee had drawn up the first steps of a policy and funding for British Coaling Stations around the World. The summary below shows the estimated cost of the armaments for Coaling Stations in 1887 according to the War Office. The figures are extracted from one of the tables in TheRead more
- Coaling Stations Finance – Defence of British Ports
- artillery/1 page [+7 in 4 subfolders]
- Artillery – Defence of British Ports
The Evolution of British Coastal Defence Guns RML gun in Tangier FROM RIFLED MUZZLE LOADING GUNS TO BREECH LOADING GUNS 1881 6-Inch BL, Thursday Island Smoothbore guns were the norm throughout the Napoleonic War and during the Crimean War 1853-6. The first operational use of rifled guns appears to have been in the Italian WarRead more
- Artillery – Defence of British Ports
- british-coastal-defence-guns/1 page [+3 in 3 subfolders]
- British Coastal Defence Guns – Defence of British Ports
This is a summary of British Coastal Defence Guns in use between 1841 and 1914. Also so manuals in respect of the guns.
- British Coastal Defence Guns – Defence of British Ports
- 10-inch-bl-gun/1 page
- 10-inch Breech Loading Gun – Defence of British Ports
The 10-inch breech loading gun remained in service from about 1888 to 1914 having been replaced by the 9.2-inch BL gun.
- 10-inch Breech Loading Gun – Defence of British Ports
- 9-2-inch-breech-loading-gun/1 page
- 9.2-inch Breech Loading Gun – Defence of British Ports
The 10-inch breech loading gun remained in service from about 1888 to 1914 having been replaced by the 9.2-inch BL gun.
- 9.2-inch Breech Loading Gun – Defence of British Ports
- 12-pdr-quick-fire-gun/1 page
- 12-pdr Quick Fire Gun – Defence of British Ports
The 12-pdr (12 cwt) is a 3-inch (76.2-mm) gun that was introduced in 1894 and was to remain in service until well after 1945 in some locations. Manufactured by Elswick Ordnance Company, Vickers this light gun was ideal for inshore and river vessels and was used extensively in small wars. The gun had an effectiveRead more
- 12-pdr Quick Fire Gun – Defence of British Ports
- disappearing-guns/1 page
- Disappearing Guns – Defence of British Ports
In 1865 Captain Colin Moncrieff field designs for a disappearing gun. It was subsequently adopted as an alternative to casemated positions.
- Disappearing Guns – Defence of British Ports
- high-angle-fire-guns/1 page
- High Angle Fire Guns – Defence of British Ports
High Angle Fire Guns were mounted in coastal defence batteries between 1890 and 1922 at four major harbours.
- High Angle Fire Guns – Defence of British Ports
- position-finding/1 page
- Position Finding – Defence of British Ports
Between 1880 and 1914 the British developed Position Finding Stations and optical ranging to accurately engage naval targets.
- Position Finding – Defence of British Ports
- tresidders-cartridge-store/1 page
- Tresidders Cartridge Store – Defence of British Ports
The Tresidders Cartridge Store was a prototype magazine built at Left Battery, Landguard Fort to service the 10-inch gun.
- Tresidders Cartridge Store – Defence of British Ports
- the-royal-navy/1 page [+3 in 1 subfolder]
- The Royal Navy – Defence of British Ports
The conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars would see nearly one hundred years without the Royal Navy being involved in a major conflict against another naval power. The British maintained a sizeable fleet, and the Naval Defence Act of 1890 required the Royal Navy to have the same number of Battleships, as the combined fleets ofRead more
- The Royal Navy – Defence of British Ports
- warships/1 page [+2 in 2 subfolders]
- Warships – Defence of British Ports
Between 1840 and 1914 warships developed from ships of the line, similar to those used in the Napoleonic Wars to armoured ships with turrets.
- Warships – Defence of British Ports
- motor-torpedo-boats/1 page
- Motor Torpedo Boats – Defence of British Ports
Motor Torpedo Boats developed towards the end of the 19th Century and were fast, agile boats that used torpedoes to sink capital ships.
- Motor Torpedo Boats – Defence of British Ports
- sail-to-steam/1 page
- Sail to Steam – Defence of British Ports
Warships continually had to find a balance between the conflicting requirements of propulsion, offensive armament (guns) and passive defence (armour). The introduction of steam powered warships from the 1850s, led to the requirement for vast quantities of coal for fuel. This in turn led to need for coaling stations around the World to supply coal. Read more
- Sail to Steam – Defence of British Ports
- cable-communications/1 page
- Cable Communications – Defence of British Ports
Cable Communications became viable in about 1841. The British initially dominated the new cable networks around the World.
- Cable Communications – Defence of British Ports
- home-waters/1 page [+41 in 4 subfolders]
- HOME WATERS – Defence of British Ports
The Royal Navy was established by Henry VIII (1509 to 1547) and thereafter the defence of the Home Water and Ports grew in priority.
- HOME WATERS – Defence of British Ports
- england/1 page [+23 in 19 subfolders]
- ENGLAND – Defence of British Ports
Historically the south of England had been the primary location for the building of warships and location of the naval bases. With the industrial revolution there was an massive increase in the number of ships built and dockyard were built in South Wales and Scotland. In Ireland a reasonable coastal defence presence was maintained, ifRead more
- ENGLAND – Defence of British Ports
- barrow/1 page
- Barrow – Defence of British Ports
Barrow was defended by a 6-inch Mark VII BL battery built on Walney Island in 1907. The Battery remained operation until 1955.
- Barrow – Defence of British Ports
- bristol/1 page
- Bristol – Defence of British Ports
During the second half of the 19th Century, the Bristol Channel was protected by a line of fortifications from Brean Down Fort to Lavernock Battery.
- Bristol – Defence of British Ports
- chatham-dockyard/1 page [+1 in 1 subfolder]
- Chatham (Dockyard) – Defence of British Ports
Chatham Dockyard dated back to 1570 and were steadily expanded and improved over the centuries. Sea and land defences were built for defence.
- Chatham (Dockyard) – Defence of British Ports
- sheerness/1 page
- Sheerness – Defence of British Ports
Sheerness was developed as an extension for the Royal Naval Dockyard in Chatham, although it steadily grew to an effective dockyard in its’own right.
- Sheerness – Defence of British Ports
- dover-dockyard/1 page
- Dover (Dockyard) – Defence of British Ports
Building of the Admiralty Pier at Dover took place 1847-71. Eastern Arm built from 1897 and Southern Breakwater after.
- Dover (Dockyard) – Defence of British Ports
- falmouth/1 page
- Falmouth – Defence of British Ports
The fortifications around Falmouth Harbour were concentrated at St Mawes Castle, Pendennis Peninsular and St Anthony Head.
- Falmouth – Defence of British Ports
- hartlepool/1 page
- Hartlepool – Defence of British Ports
Hartlepool had three 6-inch Batteries, Lighthouse Point, Heugh and Cemetery. In 1905 it was recommended that Cemetery Battery be decommissioned.
- Hartlepool – Defence of British Ports
- harwich/1 page
- Harwich – Defence of British Ports
Harwich had a number of coastal defence batteries and Landguard Fort. In 1905 the armaments were reduced to four 6-inch BL Mark VII guns.
- Harwich – Defence of British Ports
- humber/1 page
- Humber – Defence of British Ports
The defence of the Humber Estuary was concentrated on Paull Battery. Armaments consisted on three 6-inch and two 4.7-inch guns.
- Humber – Defence of British Ports
- mersey/1 page
- Mersey – Defence of British Ports
The Mersey Estuary was defended by three fortifications during the later half of the 19th Century. This included Fort Perch Rock.
- Mersey – Defence of British Ports
- newhaven/1 page
- Newhaven – Defence of British Ports
Newhaven has a fort built between 1862 and 1870 to defence the harbour. It was armed with two 6-inch Mark VII in 1902.
- Newhaven – Defence of British Ports
- plymouth-dockyard/1 page
- Plymouth (Dockyard) – Defence of British Ports
Plymouth Dockyard and Plymouth Sound was one of the most important naval bases in the United Kingdom. Well protected by coastal batteries.
- Plymouth (Dockyard) – Defence of British Ports
- portland/1 page
- Portland – Defence of British Ports
Portland and Wymouth harbours were defended by a number of major fortifications. This was a major Royal Navy Base from the 1850s onwards.
- Portland – Defence of British Ports
- portsmouth/1 page
- Portsmouth (Dockyard) – Defence of British Ports
Portsmouth with its’ excellent harbour has been defended since Roman times. In 1496 the first naval dockyard was built here.
- Portsmouth (Dockyard) – Defence of British Ports
- sunderland/1 page
- Sunderland – Defence of British Ports
Sunderland was a Class C commercial port with approval for two 6-inch BL batteries, rather than the usual one.
- Sunderland – Defence of British Ports
- tees/1 page
- Tees – Defence of British Ports
The Tees Estuary was protected by South Gare Battery with two 4.7-inch QF guns and two 6-pdr QF guns. There was also a submarine minefield.
- Tees – Defence of British Ports
- thames/1 page
- Thames – Defence of British Ports
During the latter half of the 19th Century more than nine coastal defence fortifications were built along the banks of the Thames.
- Thames – Defence of British Ports
- tyne/1 page
- Tyne – Defence of British Ports
The Tyne Harbour defences were initially designed to resist a Class B attack, but reduced in 1905 to a Class C.
- Tyne – Defence of British Ports
- channel-islands/1 page [+3 in 3 subfolders]
- Channel Islands – Defence of British Ports
From 1850 Alderney was treated as a Class A Harbour, By 1905 Alderney, Jersey and Guernsey was treated as Class C Commercial Harbours.
- Channel Islands – Defence of British Ports
- alderney/1 page
- Alderney – Defence of British Ports
Braye Harbour, Alderney was designated as a Class C Commercial Harbour by the Home Ports Defence Committee, later the Home Defence Committee in 1900 and was therefore armed to resist unarmoured cruisers and block ships. Between 1856 and 1859 extensive fortifications were constructed on Alderney including: Between 1900 and 1904 the Cavalier (Cavalier Battery) insideRead more
- Alderney – Defence of British Ports
- jersey/1 page
- Jersey – Defence of British Ports
Jersey is the largest of the Channel Islands and was fortified during the French Revolutionary Wars, enhanced between 1840 and 1860.
- Jersey – Defence of British Ports
- guernsey/1 page
- Guernsey – Defence of British Ports
Guernsey is one of the smaller Channel Islands but was fortified during the French Revolutionary Wars, enhanced between 1840 and 1860.
- Guernsey – Defence of British Ports
- isles-of-scilly-st-mays/1 page
- Isles of Scilly (St May’s) – Defence of British Ports
St Mary’s Island in the Scilly Isles had been fortified since the English Civil War. In 1905 it was recommended that no fixed defences be continued in the Isles of Scilly. Prior to their decommissioning, the Island of St Mary’s had the following batteries: Naval Battery with two 6-inch Mark VII guns Near Steval BatteryRead more
- Isles of Scilly (St May’s) – Defence of British Ports
- scotland/1 page [+5 in 5 subfolders]
- SCOTLAND – Defence of British Ports
Scotland developed in a component in the Defence of Home Waters. With the advent of the industrial revolution, the Clyde and Forth became significant locations for the building of warships and armaments. The Forth Estuary and Orkney Island became defended anchorages for the British Home Fleet. Royal Naval Dockyard were established at the following locations:Read more
- SCOTLAND – Defence of British Ports
- aberdeen/1 page
- Aberdeen – Defence of British Ports
The Port of Aberdeen was primarily defended by Torry Point Battery, which by 1906 mounted two 6-inch Mark VII guns.
- Aberdeen – Defence of British Ports
- clyde/1 page
- Clyde – Defence of British Ports
Portsmouth Harbour Pembroke Dockyard is situated in South West WalesRead more
- Clyde – Defence of British Ports
- forth/1 page
- Forth – Defence of British Ports
The Forth Estuary included a dockyard at Rosyth. The Islands in the estuary were fortified with supporting coastal batteries on the mainland.
- Forth – Defence of British Ports
- scarpa-flow/1 page
- Scarpa Flow – Defence of British Ports
Map of Scarpa Flow Scarpa Flow in the Orkneys had a single battery built during the Napoleonic Wars. By 1904 concerns were being raised about the need to positions a Royal Naval Fleet to counter the rapidly expanding German Fleet. Scarpa Flow and the Fort were both options, but tentative steps were taken to provideRead more
- Scarpa Flow – Defence of British Ports
- tay/1 page
- Tay – Defence of British Ports
The Tay Estuary defences were concentrated around Broughty Castle with two coastal defence batteries and a Submarine Mining Station.
- Tay – Defence of British Ports
- wales/1 page [+4 in 4 subfolders]
- WALES – Defence of British Ports
South Wales became a major priority for coastal defence because of the anchorage and dockyard at Milford Haven. This was reinforced by the need to protect the coal towns along the north side of the Bristol Channel who export much of the coal used by the Royal Navy around the World and was bunkered atRead more
- WALES – Defence of British Ports
- barry/1 page
- Barry – Defence of British Ports
Barry Docks were operational by 1889 and by 1914 handled more coal than any other port in the World. Nells’ Point Battery protected the docks.
- Barry – Defence of British Ports
- cardiff/1 page
- Cardiff – Defence of British Ports
The Port of Cardiff was primarily protected by Lavernock Battery, with a supporting 12-pdr Q.F. Battery at Penarth Head.
- Cardiff – Defence of British Ports
- milford-haven/1 page
- Milford Haven – Defence of British Ports
Milford Haven includes the Dockyard at Pembroke, built during the Napoleonic Wars. Numerous Royal Commission Forts were built here.
- Milford Haven – Defence of British Ports
- swansea/1 page
- Swansea – Defence of British Ports
The Port of Swansea was protected by the Mumbles Island Battery built on the headland to the West. It mounted two 4.7-inch Q.F. guns.
- Swansea – Defence of British Ports
- ireland/1 page [+5 in 5 subfolders]
- IRELAND – Defence of British Ports
Ireland remained an integral part of the United Kingdom for the 19th Century and the Royal Navy maintained bases here.
- IRELAND – Defence of British Ports
- belfast/1 page
- Belfast – Defence of British Ports
Belfast was an important commercial port with dry docks for ship constructions. It was protected by two batteries with 6-inch Mark VII guns.
- Belfast – Defence of British Ports
- berehaven-anchorage/1 page
- Berehaven Anchorage – Defence of British Ports
Berehaven Anchorage was a place of refuge for the Royal Navy and from 1898 onwards, coastal defence batteries were built on Bere Island.
- Berehaven Anchorage – Defence of British Ports
- cork/1 page
- Cork – Defence of British Ports
Cork Harbour was a natural anchorage that was defended by three major coastal defence forts during the Victorian period.
- Cork – Defence of British Ports
- dublin/1 page
- Dublin – Defence of British Ports
Dublin had extensive fortifications during the Napoleonic Wars, including a chain of Martello Towers. Few improvements were made after 1860.
- Dublin – Defence of British Ports
- lough-swilly-anchorage/1 page
- Lough Swilly Anchorage – Defence of British Ports
Lough Sawilly is an excellent anchorage. The British built six Martello Towers and later eight coastal defence fortifications.
- Lough Swilly Anchorage – Defence of British Ports
- atlantic/1 page [+18 in 9 subfolders]
- ATLANTIC – Defence of British Ports
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- ATLANTIC – Defence of British Ports
- halifax/1 page
- HALIFAX – Defence of British Ports
From 1749 onwards the British developed Halifax as a major settlement, This led to the Halifax being designated a Fortress.
- HALIFAX – Defence of British Ports
- st-johns/1 page
- St John’s, Newfoundland – Defence of British Ports
Portsmouth HarbourRead more
- St John’s, Newfoundland – Defence of British Ports
- caribbean/1 page [+7 in 7 subfolders]
- CARIBBEAN – Defence of British Ports
The Spanish and Portuguese were the pioneers of European exploration in the Caribbean. The British arrived from the middle of the 17th Century.
- CARIBBEAN – Defence of British Ports
- st-lucia-coaling-station/1 page
- St Lucia (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
St Lucia was for a short time a designated Coaling Station but Kingston in Jamaica was eventually chosen as the primary location.
- St Lucia (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
- port-royal_coaling-station/1 page
- Port Royal (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
Port Royal is situated on a peninsular the covers the entrance to Kingston Harbour. The British captured Jamaica in 1655.
- Port Royal (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
- bridge-town-barbados/1 page
- Bridge Town, Barbados – Defence of British Ports
In 1625 the British took possession of Barbados and it was to remain a colony until 1966. Coastal defence batteries were built at Bridge Town.
- Bridge Town, Barbados – Defence of British Ports
- nassau-bahamas/1 page
- Nassau Bahamas – Defence of British Ports
Nassau, Bahams had four primary fortifications, Forts Nassau, Charlotte, Fincastle and Montague. With the exception of Nassau, all survive.
- Nassau Bahamas – Defence of British Ports
- port-of-spain-trinidad/1 page
- Port of Spain, Trinidad – Defence of British Ports
Port of Spain The Caribbean area had come to prominence during the 18th century after initial exploration by the Spanish and Portuguese. During the various wars with the French some of the islands changed hands a number of times, but the British were able to retain a number of key locations.Read more
- Port of Spain, Trinidad – Defence of British Ports
- georgetown-british-guiana/1 page
- Georgetown, British Guiana – Defence of British Ports
Fort Fredrick. Georgetown, British Guiana was the centre of the coastal defence. There was a single 4.7-inch QF battery here by 1900.
- Georgetown, British Guiana – Defence of British Ports
- belize-british-honduras/1 page
- Belize, British Honduras – Defence of British Ports
The Caribbean area had come to prominence during the 18th century after initial exploration by the Spanish and Portuguese. During the various wars with the French some of the islands changed hands a number of times, but the British were able to retain a number of key locations. The British first appointed a superintendent forRead more
- Belize, British Honduras – Defence of British Ports
- bermuda-fortress/1 page
- Bermuda (Fortress) – Defence of British Ports
Bermuda was acquired by the British in 1645, having previously been run by a the Virginia Company under Royal Charter.
- Bermuda (Fortress) – Defence of British Ports
- falklands/1 page
- Falkland Islands (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
The Falkland Islands was identified in 1881 as a suitable location for a coaling station. The plans to defend the site were not developed.
- Falkland Islands (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
- ascension/1 page
- Ascension Island – Defence of British Ports
Ascension Island was occupied by the British in 1815 when Napoleon Bonaparte was exiled to the nearby St Helena.
- Ascension Island – Defence of British Ports
- saint-helena/1 page
- St Helena (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
St Helena was initially under the control of the East India Company. Came under Crown control in 1883 and naval base established 1840.
- St Helena (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
- sierra-leone/1 page
- Sierra Leone (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
In 1787 the British Crown established a settlement in Sierra Leone, the Province of Freedom. It was classified as a Coaling Station.
- Sierra Leone (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
- south-africa-atlantic-ocean/1 page [+2 in 2 subfolders]
- South Africa, Atlantic Ocean – Defence of British Ports
The location of the ports on the African Atlantic SeaboardRead more
- South Africa, Atlantic Ocean – Defence of British Ports
- table-bay/1 page
- Table Bay – Defence of British Ports
The British took over Table Bay and the old Dutch possessions in the Cape. The initially utilised all the old Dutch Fortifications.
- Table Bay – Defence of British Ports
- simons-town/1 page
- Simon’s Town – Defence of British Ports
Simon’s Town had been used by the Dutch who build coastal batteries around the bay. It became a Royal Naval Dockyard and coaling station.
- Simon’s Town – Defence of British Ports
- indian-ocean/1 page
- INDIAN OCEAN – Defence of British Ports
The Indian sub continent, including much of present day Pakistan and parts of Burma were largely under British control by the reign of Queen Victoria.Read more
- INDIAN OCEAN – Defence of British Ports
- aden/1 page
- ADEN – Defence of British Ports
Aden, along with Burma, was administered through British India for convenience. With the opening of the Suez Canal, Aden became a key port.
- ADEN – Defence of British Ports
- australian-seaboard-west_coast/1 page [+5 in 5 subfolders]
- Australian Seaboard, West Coast – Defence of British Ports
On the West Coast of Australia the following harbour were fortified for coastal defence between 1840 and 1914: Albany Fremantle Adelaide Melbourne, including Portland, Port Fairy and WarramboolRead more
- Australian Seaboard, West Coast – Defence of British Ports
- fremantle/1 page
- Fremantle – Defence of British Ports
Fremantle was the main harbour for Perth, until the building of new facilities in 1897. Perth’s defence batteries were concentrated here.
- Fremantle – Defence of British Ports
- port-adelaide/1 page
- Port Adelaide – Defence of British Ports
Portsmouth Harbour Ascension Island lies off the West Coast of Africa and remains to this day a strategic military location.Read more
- Port Adelaide – Defence of British Ports
- port-philip-melbourne/1 page
- Port Philip, Melbourne – Defence of British Ports
Port Phillip includes a large natural harbour which initial had a fortification at Point Franklin, but during the Russian Scare of 1885 a number of coastal defence batteries were constructed. The entrance to the bay was through a narrow channel, the Rip, which had coastal defence batteries on both sides The principal fortifications built duringRead more
- Port Philip, Melbourne – Defence of British Ports
- albany-king-georges-sound-coaling-station/1 page
- Albany, King George’s Sound (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
King Georg’s Sound in Albany was identified as a coaling stations in the 1880 but was not provided with any guns until 1892.
- Albany, King George’s Sound (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
- warnambool-port-fairy-and-portland/1 page
- Warnambool, Port Fairy and Portland – Defence of British Ports
Portsmouth Harbour Ascension Island lies off the West Coast of Africa and remains to this day a strategic military location.Read more
- Warnambool, Port Fairy and Portland – Defence of British Ports
- pacific-ocean/1 page [+9 in 4 subfolders]
- PACIFIC – Defence of British Ports
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- PACIFIC – Defence of British Ports
- hong-kong/1 page [+1 in 1 subfolder]
- Hong Kong (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
Hong Kong Harbour 1905 The British acquired Hong Kong in three phases between 1840 and 1899. The initial acquisitions was to establish a trading port for commercial activity in China, while the subsequent expansion was primarily to protect the harbour and subsequent dockyards from external enemy attack. The initial occupation of Hong Kong was aRead more
- Hong Kong (Coaling Station) – Defence of British Ports
- hong-kong-1864/1 page
- Hong Kong 1864 – Defence of British Ports
The Layout of coastal defence batteries as envisaged in 1863 when the British took control of the southern tip of the Kowloon Peninsular.
- Hong Kong 1864 – Defence of British Ports
- wei-hai-wei/1 page
- Wei Hai Wei – Defence of British Ports
Wei Hai Wei was a British leased territory between 1898 and 1930. Intended as a naval base it was never fully utilised by the British.
- Wei Hai Wei – Defence of British Ports
- new-zealand/1 page [+4 in 4 subfolders]
- New Zealand – Defence of British Ports
The initial coastal fortifications of New Zealand were built about 1885 at the main ports in both the North and South Islands.
- New Zealand – Defence of British Ports
- auckland/1 page
- Auckland – Defence of British Ports
LOCATION OF THE FOUR FORTRESSES During the second half of the 19th Century the British designated four of their key ports with dockyards as being Fortresses. The location of these well defended harbours reflects the Eurocentric nature of British strategic concerns at that time, largely concentrated around the North Atlantic and Mediterranean Seas. The fourRead more
- Auckland – Defence of British Ports
- wellington/1 page
- Wellington – Defence of British Ports
LOCATION OF THE FOUR FORTRESSES During the second half of the 19th Century the British designated four of their key ports with dockyards as being Fortresses. The location of these well defended harbours reflects the Eurocentric nature of British strategic concerns at that time, largely concentrated around the North Atlantic and Mediterranean Seas. The fourRead more
- Wellington – Defence of British Ports
- otago-port-chalmers-and-dunedin/1 page
- Otago, Port Chalmers and Dunedin – Defence of British Ports
LOCATION OF THE FOUR FORTRESSES During the second half of the 19th Century the British designated four of their key ports with dockyards as being Fortresses. The location of these well defended harbours reflects the Eurocentric nature of British strategic concerns at that time, largely concentrated around the North Atlantic and Mediterranean Seas. The fourRead more
- Otago, Port Chalmers and Dunedin – Defence of British Ports
- port-lyttelton/1 page
- Port Lyttelton – Defence of British Ports
LOCATION OF THE FOUR FORTRESSES During the second half of the 19th Century the British designated four of their key ports with dockyards as being Fortresses. The location of these well defended harbours reflects the Eurocentric nature of British strategic concerns at that time, largely concentrated around the North Atlantic and Mediterranean Seas. The fourRead more
- Port Lyttelton – Defence of British Ports
- esquimalt-coaling-station/1 page
- Esquimalt, Coaling Station – Defence of British Ports
Esquimalt was the primary British Royal Naval Harbour on the western seaboard of Canada. The dockyard operated from 1842.
- Esquimalt, Coaling Station – Defence of British Ports
- mediterranean-sea/1 page [+5 in 2 subfolders]
- MEDITERRANEAN – Defence of British Ports
The British expanded their interest in the Mediterranean during the Napoleonic Wars with a naval bases already established at Menorca and Gibraltar. Gibraltar, which gave access to both the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, was already a well established naval base. In the 17th Century the British briefly had a colony in Tangier (1661-84),Read more
- MEDITERRANEAN – Defence of British Ports
- malta/1 page [+2 in 2 subfolders]
- MALTA – Defence of British Ports
The Knights of St John lost control to the French in 1798, who in turn withdrew by 1800. Malta came under British control in 1814.
- MALTA – Defence of British Ports
- valetta-floriana-armaments-1861/1 page
- Valetta & Floriana Armaments 1861 – Defence of British Ports
A summary of the armaments on the fortifications of Valetta and Floriana in 1861. Primarily smoothbore, but some 7-inch RBL guns.
- Valetta & Floriana Armaments 1861 – Defence of British Ports
- heavy-rml-guns-1879/1 page
- Heavy RML Guns, 1879 – Defence of British Ports
By 1879 some forty heavy RML guns had been deployed around the main harbours of Malta. By 1890 Breech Loading guns were arriving./
- Heavy RML Guns, 1879 – Defence of British Ports
- gibraltar/1 page [+1 in 1 subfolder]
- GIBRALTAR – Defence of British Ports
Gibraltar was designated as a Fortress by the British in the 19th Century. Over decades it was fortified with numerous gun batteries.
- GIBRALTAR – Defence of British Ports
- british-batteries-in-gibraltar/1 page
- British Batteries in Gibraltar – Defence of British Ports
A summary list of the British Batteries built in Gibraltar from 1713 to 1957. Does not include all the guns in tunnels on the North Face.
- British Batteries in Gibraltar – Defence of British Ports
- gallery/ [17 in 17 subfolders]
- cape-town/1 page
- Cape Town – Defence of British Ports
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- Cape Town – Defence of British Ports
- lourenco-marques-maputo/1 page
- milindani-uganda/1 page
- port-amelia-pemba-mozambique/1 page
- beira-1961/1 page
- Beira 1961 – Defence of British Ports
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- Beira 1961 – Defence of British Ports
- random-fortifications/1 page
- the-almdyk/1 page
- coaling-steamships/1 page
- Coaling Steamships – Defence of British Ports
Images showing the transport of coal on board vessels for the coal bunkers. Initially all done by had, up to 20 tons an hours.
- Coaling Steamships – Defence of British Ports
- kenya/1 page
- Kenya Game – Defence of British Ports
Various images of game and other wildlife while the Cartwrights resided in Kenya between 1948 and 1963. Some images on holidays.
- Kenya Game – Defence of British Ports
- british-post-medieval/1 page
- Post Medieval – Defence of British Ports
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- Post Medieval – Defence of British Ports
- bastion-fortifications/1 page
- polygonal-fortifications/1 page
- dispersed-fortifications/1 page
- nuclear/1 page
- Nuclear – Defence of British Ports
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- Nuclear – Defence of British Ports
- boundary-stones/1 page
- arthurs-head-battery-fremantle/1 page
- caper-peron-battery-fremantle/1 page
- author/ [2 in 1 subfolder]
- jcartw8117/1 page [+1 in 1 subfolder]
- page/ [1 in 1 subfolder]
- 2015/ [15 in 2 subfolders]
- 04/ [10 in 1 subfolder]
- 06/ [10 in 10 subfolders]
- gallery-blog-post/1 page
- Audio Blog Post – Defence of British Ports
http://thefoxdummy.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/short-hc2.mp3 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed varius ultricies metus. Donec ac ex porta libero venenatis sodales. Sed efficitur eget risus sed molestie. Nulla blandit bibendum metus ut sagittis. Etiam quis semper justo. Sed tristique facilisis felis ut tincidunt. Phasellus auctor convallis nisl ut accumsan. Suspendisse ullamcorper fermentum lectus, vel tincidunt ligulaRead more
- Audio Blog Post – Defence of British Ports
- great-blog-post/1 page
- A Single Blog Post – Defence of British Ports
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed varius ultricies metus. Donec ac ex porta libero venenatis sodales. Sed efficitur eget risus sed molestie. Nulla blandit bibendum metus ut sagittis. Etiam quis semper justo. Sed tristique facilisis felis ut tincidunt. Phasellus auctor convallis nisl ut accumsan. Suspendisse ullamcorper fermentum lectus, vel tincidunt ligula mollisRead more
- A Single Blog Post – Defence of British Ports
- single-image-blog/1 page
- Great Blog Post – Defence of British Ports
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed varius ultricies metus. Donec ac ex porta libero venenatis sodales. Sed efficitur eget risus sed molestie. Nulla blandit bibendum metus ut sagittis. Etiam quis semper justo. Sed tristique facilisis felis ut tincidunt. Phasellus auctor convallis nisl ut accumsan. Suspendisse ullamcorper fermentum lectus, vel tincidunt ligula mollisRead more
- Great Blog Post – Defence of British Ports
- image-blog-post/1 page
- Single Image Blog – Defence of British Ports
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed varius ultricies metus. Donec ac ex porta libero venenatis sodales. Sed efficitur eget risus sed molestie. Nulla blandit bibendum metus ut sagittis. Etiam quis semper justo. Sed tristique facilisis felis ut tincidunt. Phasellus auctor convallis nisl ut accumsan. Suspendisse ullamcorper fermentum lectus, vel tincidunt ligula mollisRead more
- Single Image Blog – Defence of British Ports
- audio-blog-post/1 page
- Image Blog Post – Defence of British Ports
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed varius ultricies metus. Donec ac ex porta libero venenatis sodales. Sed efficitur eget risus sed molestie. Nulla blandit bibendum metus ut sagittis. Etiam quis semper justo. Sed tristique facilisis felis ut tincidunt. Phasellus auctor convallis nisl ut accumsan. Suspendisse ullamcorper fermentum lectus, vel tincidunt ligula mollisRead more
- Image Blog Post – Defence of British Ports
- super-blog-post/1 page
- Gallery Blog Post – Defence of British Ports
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed varius ultricies metus. Donec ac ex porta libero venenatis sodales. Sed efficitur eget risus sed molestie. Nulla blandit bibendum metus ut sagittis. Etiam quis semper justo. Sed tristique facilisis felis ut tincidunt. Phasellus auctor convallis nisl ut accumsan. Suspendisse ullamcorper fermentum lectus, vel tincidunt ligula mollisRead more
- Gallery Blog Post – Defence of British Ports
- amazing-new-blog-post/1 page
- Super Blog post – Defence of British Ports
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed varius ultricies metus. Donec ac ex porta libero venenatis sodales. Sed efficitur eget risus sed molestie. Nulla blandit bibendum metus ut sagittis. Etiam quis semper justo. Sed tristique facilisis felis ut tincidunt. Phasellus auctor convallis nisl ut accumsan. Suspendisse ullamcorper fermentum lectus, vel tincidunt ligula mollisRead more
- Super Blog post – Defence of British Ports
- new-amazing-blog-post/1 page
- Amazing New Blog post – Defence of British Ports
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed varius ultricies metus. Donec ac ex porta libero venenatis sodales. Sed efficitur eget risus sed molestie. Nulla blandit bibendum metus ut sagittis. Etiam quis semper justo. Sed tristique facilisis felis ut tincidunt. Phasellus auctor convallis nisl ut accumsan. Suspendisse ullamcorper fermentum lectus, vel tincidunt ligula mollisRead more
- Amazing New Blog post – Defence of British Ports
- amazing-blog-post-2/1 page
- New Amazing Blog post – Defence of British Ports
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed varius ultricies metus. Donec ac ex porta libero venenatis sodales. Sed efficitur eget risus sed molestie. Nulla blandit bibendum metus ut sagittis. Etiam quis semper justo. Sed tristique facilisis felis ut tincidunt. Phasellus auctor convallis nisl ut accumsan. Suspendisse ullamcorper fermentum lectus, vel tincidunt ligula mollisRead more
- New Amazing Blog post – Defence of British Ports
- amazing-blog-post/1 page
- Amazing Blog post – Defence of British Ports
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed varius ultricies metus. Donec ac ex porta libero venenatis sodales. Sed efficitur eget risus sed molestie. Nulla blandit bibendum metus ut sagittis. Etiam quis semper justo. Sed tristique facilisis felis ut tincidunt. Phasellus auctor convallis nisl ut accumsan. Suspendisse ullamcorper fermentum lectus, vel tincidunt ligula mollisRead more
- Amazing Blog post – Defence of British Ports
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- multi-author-blog-post/1 page
- Multi Author Blog Post – Defence of British Ports
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed varius ultricies metus. Donec ac ex porta libero venenatis sodales. Sed efficitur eget risus sed molestie. Nulla blandit bibendum metus ut sagittis. Etiam quis semper justo. Sed tristique facilisis felis ut tincidunt. Phasellus auctor convallis nisl ut accumsan. Suspendisse ullamcorper fermentum lectus, vel tincidunt ligula mollisRead more
- Multi Author Blog Post – Defence of British Ports
- a-simple-image-post/1 page
- A Simple Image Post – Defence of British Ports
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed varius ultricies metus. Donec ac ex porta libero venenatis sodales. Sed efficitur eget risus sed molestie. Nulla blandit bibendum metus ut sagittis. Etiam quis semper justo. Sed tristique facilisis felis ut tincidunt. Phasellus auctor convallis nisl ut accumsan. Suspendisse ullamcorper fermentum lectus, vel tincidunt ligula mollisRead more
- A Simple Image Post – Defence of British Ports
- an-other-author/1 page
- An Other Author – Defence of British Ports
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed varius ultricies metus. Donec ac ex porta libero venenatis sodales. Sed efficitur eget risus sed molestie. Nulla blandit bibendum metus ut sagittis. Etiam quis semper justo. Sed tristique facilisis felis ut tincidunt. Phasellus auctor convallis nisl ut accumsan. Suspendisse ullamcorper fermentum lectus, vel tincidunt ligula mollisRead more
- An Other Author – Defence of British Ports
- a-great-image-post/1 page
- A Great Image Post – Defence of British Ports
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed varius ultricies metus. Donec ac ex porta libero venenatis sodales. Sed efficitur eget risus sed molestie. Nulla blandit bibendum metus ut sagittis. Etiam quis semper justo. Sed tristique facilisis felis ut tincidunt. Phasellus auctor convallis nisl ut accumsan. Suspendisse ullamcorper fermentum lectus, vel tincidunt ligula mollisRead more
- A Great Image Post – Defence of British Ports
- amazing-standard-post-3/1 page
- Amazing Standard Post – Defence of British Ports
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed varius ultricies metus. Donec ac ex porta libero venenatis sodales. Sed efficitur eget risus sed molestie. Nulla blandit bibendum metus ut sagittis. Etiam quis semper justo. Sed tristique facilisis felis ut tincidunt. Phasellus auctor convallis nisl ut accumsan. Suspendisse ullamcorper fermentum lectus, vel tincidunt ligula mollisRead more
- Amazing Standard Post – Defence of British Ports
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- multi-author/1 page [+1 in 1 subfolder]
- page/ [1 in 1 subfolder]